Abstract IMPORTANCE: Increases in fructose consumption have paralleled the increasing prevalence of obesity, and high-fructose diets are thought to promote weight gain and insulin resistance. Fructose ingestion produces smaller increases in circulating satiety hormones compared with glucose ingestion, and central administration of fructose provokes feeding in rodents, whereas centrally administered glucose promotes satiety. OBJECTIVE: To study neurophysiological factors that might underlie associations between fructose consumption and weight gain. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Twenty healthy adult volunteers underwent 2 magnetic resonance imaging sessions at Yale University in conjunction with fructose or glucose drink ingestion in a blinded, random-order, crossover design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Relative changes in hypothalamic regional cerebral blood flow (CBF) after glucose or fructose ingestion. Secondary outcomes included whole-brain analyses to explore regional CBF changes, functional connectivity analysis to investigate correlations between the hypothalamus and other brain region responses, and hormone responses to fructose and glucose ingestion. RESULTS: There was a significantly greater reduction in hypothalamic CBF after glucose vs fructose ingestion (-5.45 vs 2.84 mL/g per minute, respectively; mean difference, 8.3 mL/g per minute [95% CI of mean difference, 1.87-14.70]; P = .01). Glucose ingestion (compared with baseline) increased functional connectivity between the hypothalamus and the thalamus and striatum. Fructose increased connectivity between the hypothalamus and thalamus but not the striatum. Regional CBF within the hypothalamus, thalamus, insula, anterior cingulate, and striatum (appetite and reward regions) was reduced after glucose ingestion compared with baseline (P < .05 significance threshold, family-wise error [FWE] whole-brain corrected). In contrast, fructose reduced regional CBF in the thalamus, hippocampus, posterior cingulate cortex, fusiform, and visual cortex (P < .05 significance threshold, FWE whole-brain corrected). In whole-brain voxel-level analyses, there were no significant differences between direct comparisons of fructose vs glucose sessions following correction for multiple comparisons. Fructose vs glucose ingestion resulted in lower peak levels of serum glucose (mean difference, 41.0 mg/dL [95% CI, 27.7-54.5]; P < .001), insulin (mean difference, 49.6 μU/mL [95% CI, 38.2-61.1]; P < .001), and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 (mean difference, 2.1 pmol/L [95% CI, 0.9-3.2]; P = .01). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: In a series of exploratory analyses, consumption of fructose compared with glucose resulted in a distinct pattern of regional CBF and a smaller increase in systemic glucose, insulin, and glucagon-like polypeptide 1 levels. Here is the article if anyone does not feel like clicking on the link
Gonna go! The DSL is even slower than dial-up right now. I got that pet survey in very last-minute. Thanks, skb! Have fun turking, everyone!
Seriously though, I stopped eating meat at 4 for my own reasons. I grew up in the country, not on a farm, but surrounded by farms. I knew where the meat was coming from and did not like it. My parent's mantra was I could eat what they made or I could cook something myself. I grew up eating a lot of sides and learned how to cook better then most by age 8. I would not do that to my daughter, but l really hope she takes after me.
Someone make me sleepy, I went to bed at 4 yesterday morning, got up at 8, and then hit the gym for 2.5 hours today. I need reverse cocaine in my body.
I had a busy afternoon and am now just getting back. Looks like I missed Acme and possibly World Vision (if it was the 10 video ones). Well it was a bit of a slow morning but hopefully it picked up for lots of you guys.
It's all personal ideological stances. You can make strong arguments for both, and I neither one is wrong, it's just one of those grey areas. At the end of the day, I think we can all agree on that we wish animals were more humanly slaughtered.
Really though. It bothers me that people eat meat when they're totally divorced from the process. There's a kind of terrible, holy moment that happens when you first shoot something large, like a deer or a dog, and they're not quite dead and their eyes just look through you, pleading. I never saw an animal look angry about it, not when the end was necessary. If you can't look a large mammal in the eyes while you give it the mercy stroke then you have no ******* business eating them.
Mhm! While I was pregnant with baby b! I'm a certified lactation educator too so I'm used to answering questions on the topic.
My mother breastfed me until I was at least 3 off and on, not the norm but some believe it is very beneficial